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Embedded systems are used everywhere in modern life, including:
Telecommunications systems uses them for telephones, cell phone network, and wi-fi routers.
Consumer electronics include clock radios, MP3 players, mobile phones, video game consoles, digital cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, home security systems, and printers.
Household appliances, like microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers have embedded systems.
Transportation uses embedded systems for everything from locomotives for trains, airplanes and automobiles.
Industry uses electric motors with electronic motor controllers, card readers and CNC machines which automatically make metal parts.
Medical devices like defibrillators, automated blood pressure readers, and automated insulin pumps.
Military devices, like walkie-talkies, satellites and the guiding systems for missiles.
Common features
Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task, unlike general-purpose computers.
It does not look like a computer - there may not be a full monitor or a keyboard
Many embedded systems must be able to do things in real-time - in a short amount of time (almost instantly from a human view).
Many embedded systems must be very safe and reliable, especially for medical devices or avionics controlling airplanes.
Starts very quickly. People don't want to wait a minute or two for their car to start or emergency equipment to start.
It uses a special operating system (or sometimes a very small home-made OS) that helps meet these requirements called a real-time operating system, or RTOS.
The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.
Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Sometimes they are built as a set, like the various parts of a car - the radio, the throttle control, the pollution control, etc.[2] Sometimes they can communicate to the internet or a cell-phone network and they may have a USB reader or other connections.
CHARACTERISTICS
a) Embedded systems are application specific & single functioned; application is known apriori, the programs are executed repeatedly.
b) Efficiency is of paramount importance for embedded systems. They are optimized for energy, code size, execution time, weight & dimensions, and cost.
c) Embedded systems are typically designed to meet real time constraints; a real time system reacts to stimuli from the controlled object/ operator within the time interval dictated by the environment. For real time systems, right answers arriving too late (or even too early) are wrong.
d) Embedded systems often interact (sense, manipulate & communicate) with external world through sensors and actuators and hence are typically reactive systems; a reactive system is in continual interaction with the environment and executes at a pace determined by that environment.
e) They generally have minimal or no user interface
